tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45064988662394954872024-03-12T23:02:07.828-07:00Industry in TheoryA monthly reading group at Northumbria University for staff and postgraduates
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-30260826414793475372013-05-14T07:54:00.000-07:002013-05-14T07:54:12.053-07:00Join us for the final Industry in Theory session this Friday!
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The final postgraduate reading group
Industry In Theory runs this Friday. Peter O’ Connor (PhD candidate, History)
will be presenting extracts </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><strong>Edmund Burke</strong>’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). To
go with this three nineteenth century texts dealing with the United States will
be presented. These are <strong>Frances Trollope</strong>’s Domestic Manners of the Americans
(1832), <strong>Charles Dickens’s</strong> American Notes for General Circulation (1842) and his
Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). We will then open out into a
discussion! </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Join
us on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friday 17<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> May, 4-5pm
in Lipman 121 for an hour of Burke, Dickens and free wine!</b> We hope to see
you there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ps
if you would prefer to be familiar with the texts the relevant extracts are
below- but no advance reading required!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Edmund Burke- Reflections on the Revolution
in France (London: J Dodsley, 1790)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract A</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">'I flatter myself that I love a
manly, moral, regulated liberty as well as any gentleman of that society, be he
who he will ; and perhaps I have given as good proofs of my attachment to that
cause, in the whole course of my public conduct. I think I envy liberty as
little as they do, to any other nation. But I cannot stand for ward, and give
praise or blame to anything which relates to human actions, and human concerns,
on a simple view of the object, as it stands stripped of every relation, in all
the nakedness and solitude of metaphysical abstraction. Circumstances which
with some gentlemen pass for nothing) give in reality to every political
principle its distinguishing colour, and discriminating effect. The
circumstances are what render every civil and political scheme beneficial or
noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking, government, as well as liberty, is
good; yet could I, in Common sense, ten years ago, have felicitated France on
her enjoyment of a government (for she then had a government) without enquiry
what the nature of that government was, or how it was administered ? Can I now
congratulate the fame nation upon its freedom? Is it because liberty in the
abstract may be classed amongst the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously
to felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the protecting restraint and
wholesome darkness of his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of light
and liberty ? Am I to congratulate an highwayman and murderer, who has broke
prison, upon the recovery of his natural rights ? This would be to act over
again the scene of the criminals condemned to the gallies, and their heroic
deliverer, the meta- physic Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance.’ (7-8)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract B<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘Through the fame plan of a
conformity to nature in our artificial institutions, and by calling in the aid
of her unerring and powerful instincts, to fortify the fallible and feeble
contrivances of our reason, we have derived several other, and those no small
benefits, from considering our liberties in the light of an inheritance. Always
acting as if in the presence of canonized fore fathers, the spirit of freedom,
leading in itself to misrule and excess, is tempered with an awful gravity.
This idea of a liberal descent inspires us with a fense of habitual native
dignity, which prevents that upstart insolence almost inevitably adhering to
and disgracing those who are the first acquirers of any distinction. By this
means our liberty becomes a noble freedom. It carries an imposing and majestic
aspect. It has a pedigree and illustrating ancestors. It has its bearings and
its ensigns armorial. It has its gallery of portraits; its monumental
inscriptions; its records, evidences, and titles. We procure reverence to our
civil institutions on the principle upon which nature teaches us to revere
individual men; on account of their age; and on account of those from whom they
are descended. All your sophisters cannot produce any thing better adapted to
preserve a rational and manly freedom than the course that we have pursued, who
have chosen our nature rather than our speculations, our breasts rather than
our inventions, for the great conservatories and magazines of our rights and
privileges.’ (49-50)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract C<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘Far am I from denying in theory;
full as far is my heart from withholding in practice (if I were of power to give
or to withhold) the real rights of men. In denying their false claims o fright,
I do not mean to injure those which are real, and are such as their pretended
rights would totally destroy. If civil society be made for the advantage of
man, all the advantages for which it is made become his right. It is an
institution of beneficence; and law itself is only beneficence acting by a
rule. Men have a right to live by that rule ; they have a right to justice ; as
between their fellows, whether their fellows are in politic function or in
ordinary occupation. They have a right to the fruits of their industry; and to
the means of making their industry fruitful. They have a right to the
acquisitions of their parents; to the nourishment and improvement of their offspring;
to instruction in life, and to consolation in death. Whatever each man can
separately do, without trespassing upon others, he has a right to do for
himself; and he has a right to a fair portion of all which society, with all
its combinations of skill and force, can do in his favour. But as to the share
of power, authority, and direction which each individual ought to have in the
management of the state, that I must deny to be amongst the direct original
rights of man in civil society ; for I have in my contemplation the civil
social man, and no other. It is a thing to be settled by convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">If civil society be the offspring
of convention, that convention must be its law. That convention must limit and
modify all the descriptions of constitution which are formed under it. Every
sort of legislative, judicial, or executory power are its creatures. They can
have no being in any other state of things ; and how can any man claim, under
the conventions of civil society, rights which do not so much as suppose its
existence ? Rights which are absolutely repugnant to it? One of the first
motives to civil society, and which becomes one of its fundamental rules, is,
that no man should be judge in his own cause. By this each person has at once
divested himself of the first fundamental right of uncovenanted man, that is,
to judge for himself, and to assert his own cause. He abdicates all right to be
his own governor. He inclusively, in a great measure, abandons the right of
self-defence, the first law of nature. Men cannot enjoy the rights of an
uncivil and of a civil state together. That he may obtain justice he gives up
his right of determining what it is in points the most essential to him. That
he may secure some liberty, he makes a surrender in trust of the whole of it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Government is not made in virtue
of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it; and
exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract
perfection : but their abstract perfection is their practical defect. By having
a right to every thing they want every thing. Government is a contrivance of
human wisdom to pro vide for human wants. Men have a right that these wants
should be provided for by this wisdom. Among these wants is to be reckoned- the
want, out of civil society, of a sufficient restraint upon their passions.
Society requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subjected,
but that even in the mass and body- as well as in the individuals, the
inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and
their passions brought into subjection. This can only be done by a power out of
themselves ; and not, in the exercise of its function, subject to that will and
to those passions which it is its office to bridle and subdue. In this sense
the restraints on men, as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among
their rights. But as the liberties and the restrictions vary with times and
circumstances, and admit of infinite modifications, they cannot be settled upon
any abstract rule; and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that
principle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The moment you abate any thing
from the full rights of men, each to govern himself, and suffer any artificial
positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization
of government becomes a consideration of convenience. This it is which makes
the constitution of a state, and the due distribution of its powers, a matter
of the most delicate and complicated skill. It requires a deep knowledge of
human nature and human necessities, and of the things which facilitate or
obstruct the various ends which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil
institutions. The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to
its dis tempers. What is the use of discussing a man's abstract right to food
or to medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering
them. In that deliberation I shall always advise to call in the aid of the
farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of metaphysics. The science
of constructing a commonwealth, or renovating it, or reforming it, is, like
every other experimental science, not to be taught a priori. Nor is it a short
experience that can instruct us in that practical science; because the real
effects of moral causes are not always immediate; but that which in the first
in stance is prejudicial may be excellent in its remoter operation; and its
excellence may arise even from the ill effects it produces in the beginning.
The reverse also happens; and very plausible schemes, with very pleasing
commencements, have often shameful and lamentable conclusions. In states there
are often some obscure and almost latent causes, things which appear at first
view of little moment, on which a very great part of its prosperity or
adversity may most essentially de pend. The science of government being
therefore so practical in itself, and intended for such practical purposes, a
matter which requires experience, and even more experience than any per son can
gain in his whole life, however sagacious and observing he may be, it is with
infinite caution that any man ought to venture upon pulling down an edifice
which has answered in any tolerable degree for ages the common purposes of
society, or of building it up again, without having models and patterns of
approved utility before his eyes.’ (86-91)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract D<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘But one of the first and most
leading principles on which the commonwealth and the laws are consecrated, is
lest the temporary possessors and life-renters in it, unmindful of what they
have received from their ancestors, or of what is due to their posterity,
should act as if they were the entire masters; that they should not think it
amongst their rights to cut off the entail, or commit waste on the inheritance,
by destroying at their pleasure the whole original fabric of their society ;
hazarding to leave to those who come after them, a ruin instead of an
habitation — and teaching these successors as little to respect their
contrivances, as they had themselves respected the institutions of their
forefathers. By this unprincipled facility of changing the state as often, and
as much, and in as many ways as there are floating fancies or fashions, the
whole chain and continuity of the commonwealth would be bro ken. No one generation
could link with the other. Men would become little better than the flies of a
summer.’ (141)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract E<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘But admitting democracy not to
have that inevitable tendency to party tyranny, which I suppose it to have, and
admitting it to possess as much good in it when unmixed, as I am sure it
possesses when compounded with other forms ; does monarchy, on its part,
contain nothing at all to recommend it ? I do not often quote Bolingbroke, nor
have his works in general, left any permanent impression on my mind. He is a
presumptuous and a superficial writer. But he has one observation, which in my
opinion, is not without depth and solidity. He says, that he prefers a monarchy
to other governments; because you can better in graft any description of
republic on a monarchy than anything of monarchy upon the republican forms. I
think him perfectly in the right. The fact is so historically; and it agrees
well with the speculation.’ (187)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract F<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘So far from this able
disposition of some of the old republican legislators, which follows with a
solicitous accuracy, the moral conditions and propensities of men, they have
levelled and crushed together all the orders which they found, even under the
coarse unartificial arrangement of the monarchy, in which mode of government
the classing of the citizens is not of so much importance as in a republic. It
is true, however,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that every such
classification, if properly ordered, is good in all forms of government ; and
composes a strong barrier against the excesses of despotism, as well as it is
the necessary means of giving effect and permanence to a republic. For want of
something of this kind, if the present project of a re public should fail, all
securities to a moderated freedom fail along with it ; all the indirect restraints
which mitigate despotism are removed ; insomuch that if monarchy should ever
again obtain an entire ascendency in France, under this or under any other
dynasty, it will probably be, if not voluntarily tempered at setting out, by
the wise and virtuous counsels of the prince, the most completely arbitrary
power that has ever appeared on earth. This is to play a most desperate game.’
(275)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frances Trollope- Domestic Manners of the
Americans (London: Whittaker, 1832)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract A<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘The gentlemen in the cabin (we
had no ladies) would certainly neither from their language, manners, nor
appearance, have received that designation in Europe ; but we soon found their
claim to it rested on more substantial ground, for we heard them nearly all
addressed by the titles of general, colonel, and major. On mentioning these
military dignities to an English friend some time afterward, he told' me that
he too had made the voyage with the same description of company, but remarking
that there was not a single captain among them ; he made the observation to a
fellow-passenger, and asked how he accounted for it. "Oh, sir, the
captains are all on deck," was the reply. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Our honours, however, were not
all military, for we had a judge among us. I know it is equally easy and
invidious to ridicule the peculiarities of appearance and manner in a people of
a different nation from ourselves; we may, too, at the same moment, be
undergoing the same ordeal in their estimation ; and, moreover, I am by no
means disposed to consider whatever is new to me as therefore objectionable ;
but, nevertheless, it was impossible not to feel repugnance to many of the
novelties that now surrounded me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The total want of all the usual
courtesies of the table, the voracious rapidity with which the viands were seized
and devoured ; the strange uncouth phrases and pronunciation ; the loathsome
spitting, from the contamination of which it was absolutely impossible to
protect our dresses ; the frightful manner of feeding with their knives, till
the whole blade seemed to enter into the mouth ; and the still more frightful
manner of cleaning the teeth afterward with a pocket knife, soon forced us to
feel that we were not surrounded by the generals, colonels, and majors of the
old world ; and that the dinner hour was to be anything rather than an hour of
enjoyment. The little conversation that went forward while we remained in the
room was entirely political, and the respective claims of Adams and Jackson to
the presidency were argued with more oaths and more vehemence than it had ever
been my lot to hear. Once a colonel appeared on the verge of assaulting a
major, when a huge seven-foot Kentuckian gentleman horse-dealer, asked of the
heavens to confound them both, and bade them sit still and be d — d. We too
thought we should share this sentence ; at least sitting still in the cabin
seemed very nearly to include the rest of it, and we never tarried there a
moment longer than was absolutely necessary to eat.’ (36-37)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract B<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">THE greatest difficulty in
organizing a family establishment in Ohio, is getting servants, or, as it is
there called, " getting help," for it is more than petty treason to
the republic to call a free citizen a servant. The whole class of young women,
whose bread depends upon their labour, are taught to believe that the most
abject poverty is preferable to domestic service. Hundreds of half-naked girls
work in the paper-mills, or in any other manufactory, >r less than half the
wages they would receive in service ; but they think their equality is compromised
by the latter, and nothing but the wish to obtain some particular article of
finery will ever induce them to submit to it. A kind friend, however, exerted
herself so effectually for me, that a tall stately lass soon presented herself,
saying, " I be come to help you." The intelligence was very
agreeable, and I welcomed her in the most gracious manner possible, and asked
what I should give her by the year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Oh gimini !" exclaimed
the damsel, with a loud laugh, " you be a downright Englisher, sure
enough. I should like to see a young lady engage by the year in America! I hope
I shall get a husband before many months, or I expect I shall be an outright
old maid, for I be 'most seventeen already; besides, mayhap I may want to go to
school. You must just give me a dollar and half a week, and mother's slave,
Phillis, must come over once a week, I expect, from t'other side the water, to
help me clean." I agreed to the bargain, of course, with all dutiful
submission ; and seeing she was preparing to set to work in a yellow dress
parseme with red roses, I gently hinted that I thought it was a pity to spoil
so fine a gown, and that she had better change it. )' 'Tis just my best and my
worst," she answered, " for I've got no other."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">And in truth I found that this
young lady had left the paternal mansion with no more clothes of any kind than
what she had on. I immediately gave her money to purchase what was necessary
for cleanliness and decency, and set to work with my daughters to make her a
gown. She grinned applause when our labour was completed, but never uttered the
slightest expressions of gratitude for that, or any thing else we could do for
her. She was constantly asking us to lend her different articles of dress, and
when we declined it, she said, "Well, I never seed such grumpy folks as.
you be ; there is several young ladies of my acquaintance what goes to live out
now and then with the old women about the town, and they and their gurls always
lends them what they ask for ; I guess you Inglish thinks we should poison your
things, just as bad as if we was Negurs." And here I beg to assure the
reader, that whenever I give conversations they were not made a loisir, but
were written down immediately after they occurred, with all the verbal fidelity
my memory permitted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This young lady left me at the
end of two months, because I refused to lend her money enough to buy a silk
dress to go to a ball, saying, " Then 'tis not worth my while to stay any
longer."’ (61-62)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract C<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘Their glorious institutions,
their unequalled freedom, were, of course, not left unsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">I took some pains to ascertain
what they meant by their glorious institutions, and it is with no affectation
of ignorance that I profess I never could comprehend the meaning of the phrase,
which is, however, on the lip of every American, when he talks of his country.
I asked if by their institutions they meant their hospitals and penitentiaries.
" Oh no ! we mean the glorious institutions which are coeval with the
revolution." "Is it," I asked, "your institution of
marriage, which you have made purely a civil and not a religious rite, to be
performed by a justice of the peace, instead of a clergyman ?" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Oh no ! we speak of our
divine political institutions."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yet still I was in the dark, nor
can I guess what they mean, unless they call incessant electioneering, without
pause or interval, for a single day, for a single hour of their whole
existence, "a glorious institution."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Their unequalled freedom, I
think, I understand better. Their code of common law is built upon our; and the
difference between us is this, in England the laws are acted upon, in America
they are not.’ (136)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract D<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘The privilege of attending these
debates would be more valuable could the speakers be better heard from the
gallery ; but with the most earnest attention, I could only follow one or two
of the orators, whose voices were peculiarly loud and clear. This made it
really a labour to listen; but the extreme beauty of the chamber was of itself
a reason for going again and again. It was, however, really mortify to see this
splendid hall, fitted up in so stately and sumptuous a manner, filled with men
sitting in the most unseemly attitudes, a large majority with their hats on,
and nearly all spitting to an excess that decency forbids me to describe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Among the crowd who must be
included in this description, a few were distinguished by not wearing their
hats, and by sitting on their chairs like other human beings, without throwing
their legs above their heads. Whenever I inquired the name of one of these
exceptions, I was told that it was Mr. This, or Mr. That, of Virginia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One day we were fortunate enough to get placed
on the sofas, between the pillars, on the floor of the House; the galleries
being shut up for the purpose of making some alterations, which it was hoped
might improve the hearing in that part of the house occupied by the members,
and which was universally complained of as being very defective. But in our
places on the sofa we found we heard very much better than up-stairs, and well
enough to be extremely amused by the rude eloquence of a thorough
horse-and-alligator orator from Kentucky, who en treated the House repeatedly
to " go the whole hog."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">If I mistake not, every debate I
listened to in the American Congress was upon one and the same subject, namely,
the entire independence of each individual state with regard to the federal
government. The jealousy on this point appeared to me to be the very strangest
political feeling that ever got possession of the mind of man. I do not pretend
to judge the merits of this question. I speak solely of the very singular
effect of seeing man after man start eagerly to his feet, to declare that the
greatest injury, the basest injustice, the most obnoxious tyranny that could be
practised against the state of which he was a member, would be a vote of a few
million dollars for the purpose of making their roads or canals; or for
drainage, or, in short, for any purpose of improvement whatsoever.’ (183-184)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Charles Dickens- American Notes for General
Circulation (1900 repr. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1842)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract A<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘I am by no means a wholesale
admirer of our legal solemnities, many of which impress me as being exceedingly
ludicrous. Strange as it may seem too, there is undoubtedly a degree of
protection in the wig and gown — a dismissal of individual responsibility in
dressing for the part — which encourages that insolent bearing and language,
and that gross perversion of the office of a pleader for The Truth, so frequent
in our courts of law. Still, I cannot help doubting whether America, in her
desire to shake off the absurdities and abuses of the old system, may not have
gone too far into the opposite extreme; and whether it is not desirable,
especially in the small community of a city like this, where each man knows the
other, to surround the administration of justice with some artificial barriers
against the "Hail fellow, well met" deportment of everyday life. All
the aid it can have in the very high character and ability of the Bench, not
only here but elsewhere, it has, and well deserves to have ; but it may need
something more : not to impress the thoughtful and the well-informed, but the
ignorant and heedless; a class which includes some prisoners and many
witnesses. These institutions were established, no doubt, upon the principle
that those who had so large a share in making the laws, would certainly respect
them. But experience has proved this hope to be fallacious ; for no men know
better than the Judges of America, that on the occasion of any great popular
excitement the law is powerless, and cannot, for the time, assert its own
supremacy.’ (64-65)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract B<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘It is an essential part of every
national character to pique itself mightily upon its faults, and to deduce
tokens of its virtue or its wisdom from their very exaggeration. One great
blemish in the popular mind of America, and the prolific parent of an
innumerable brood of evils, is Universal Distrust. Yet the American citizen
plumes himself upon this spirit, even when he is sufficiently dispassionate to
perceive the ruin it works ; and will often adduce it, in spite of his own
reason, as an instance of the great sagacity and acuteness of the people, and
their superior shrewdness and independence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"You carry," says the
stranger, " this jealousy and distrust into every transaction of public
life. By repelling worthy men from your legislative assemblies, it has bred up
a class of candidates for the suffrage, who, in their very act, disgrace your
Institutions and your people's choice. It has rendered you so fickle, and so
given to change, that your inconstancy has passed into a proverb; for you no
sooner set up an idol firmly, than you are sure to pull it down and dash it
into fragments : and this, because directly you reward a benefactor, or a
public servant, you distrust him, merely because he is rewarded ; and
immediately apply yourselves to find out, either that' you have been too
bountiful in your acknowledgments, or he remiss in his deserts. Any man who
attains a high place among you, from the President downwards, may date his
downfall from that moment ; for any printed lie that any notorious villain
pens, although it militate directly against the character and conduct of a
life, appeals at once to your distrust, and is believed. You . will strain at a
gnat in the way of trustfulness and confidence, however fairly won and well
deserved ; but you will swallow a whole caravan of camels, if they be laden
with unworthy doubts and mean suspicions. Is this well, think you, or likely to
elevate the character of the governors or the governed, among you? "<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The answer is invariably the
same: "There's freedom of opinion here, you know. Every man thinks for
himself, and we are not to be easily overreached. That's how our people come to
be suspicious."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Another prominent feature is the
love of " smart " dealing : ^ which gilds over many a swindle and
gross breach of trust; many a defalcation, public and private ; and enables
many a knave to hold his head up with the best, who well deserves a halter;
though it has not been without its retributive operation, for this smartness
has done more in a few years to impair the public credit, and to cripple the
public resources, than dull honesty, however rash, could have effected in a
century. The merits of a broken speculation, or a bankruptcy, or of a
successful scoundrel, are not gauged by its or his observance of the golden
rule, " Do as you would be done by," but are considered with
reference to their smartness. I recollect, on both occasions of our passing
that ill-fated Cairo on the Mississippi, remarking on the bad effects such
gross deceits must have when they exploded, in generating a want of confidence
abroad, and discouraging foreign investment: but I was given to understand that
this was a very smart scheme by which a deal of money had been made: and that
its smartest feature was, that they forgot these things abroad, in a very short
time, and speculated again, as freely as ever. The following dialogue I have
held a hundred times : " Is it not a very disgraceful circumstance that
such a man as So-and-so should be acquiring a large property by the most
infamous and odious means, and notwithstanding all the crimes of which he has
been guilty, should be tolerated and abetted by your Citizens ? He is a public
nuisance, is he not ? ". "Yes, sir." "A convicted
liar?" "Yes, sir." "He has been kicked, and cuffed, and
caned?" "Yes, sir." "And he is utterly dishonourable,
debased, and profligate ? '" " Yes, sir." "In the name of
wonder, then, what is his merit?" " Well, sir, he is a smart
man."’ (292-293)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Charles Dickens- The Life and Adventures of
Martin Chuzzlewit Volume One (1866 repr.London: Chapman & Hall, 1844)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract A<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘Martin thanked him, and took
leave of Mr. Scadder ; who had resumed his post in the rocking-chair,
immediately on the General's rising from it, and was once more swinging away as
if he had never been disturbed. Mark looked back several times as they went
down the road towards the National Hotel, but now his blighted profile was
towards them, and nothing but attentive thoughtfulness was written on it.
Strangely different to the other side ! He was not a man much given to
laughing, and never laughed outright ; but every line in the print of the
crow's foot, and every little wiry vein in that division of his head, was
wrinkled up into a grin ! The compound figure of Death and the Lady at the top
of the old ballad was not divided with a greater nicety, and hadn't halves more
monstrously unlike each other, than the two profiles of Zephaniah Scadder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The General posted along at a
great rate, for the clock was on the stroke of twelve ; and at that hour
precisely, the Great Meeting of the Watertoast Sympathisers was to be holden in
the public room of the National Hotel. Being very curious to witness the
demonstration, and know what it was all about, Martin kept close to the General
: and, keeping closer than ever when they entered the Hall, got by that means
upon a little platform of tables at the upper end : where an arm-chair was set
for the General, and Mr. La Fayette Kettle, as secretary, was making a great
display of some foolscap documents — Screamers, no doubt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Well, sir ! " he said,
as he shook hands with Martin, "here is a spectacle calc'lated to make the
British Lion put his tail between his legs, and howl with anguish, I expect !” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Martin certainly thought it
possible that the British Lion might have been rather out of his element in
that Ark : but he kept the idea to himself. The General was then voted to the
chair, on the motion of a pallid lad of the Jefferson Brick school : who
forthwith set in for a high-spiced speech, with a good deal about hearths and
homes in it, and unriveting the chains of Tyranny. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Oh but it was a clincher for the
British Lion, it was ! The indignation of the glowing young Columbian knew no
bounds. If he could only have been one of his own forefathers, he said,
wouldn't he have peppered that same Lion, and been to him as another Brute
Tamer with a wire whip, teaching him lessons not easily forgotten. " Lion
! (cried that young Columbian) where is he ? Who is he ? What is he ? Show him
to me. Let me have him here. Here ! " said the young Columbian, in a
wrestling attitude, " upon this sacred altar. Here ! " cried the
young Columbian, idealising the dining- table, "upon ancestral ashes,
cemented with the glorious blood poured out like water on our native plains of
Chickabiddy Lick ! Bring forth that Lion ! " said the young Columbian.
" Alone, I dare him ! I taunt that Lion. I tell that Lion, that Freedom's
hand once twisted in his mane, he rolls a corse before me, and the Eagles of
the Great Republic laugh ha, ha ! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"When it was found that the
Lion didn't come, but kept out of the way ; that the young Columbian stood
there, with folded arms, alone in his glory; and consequently that the Eagles
were no doubt laughing wildly on the mountain tops, — such cheers arose as
might have shaken the hands upon the Horse-Guards' clock, and changed the very
mean time of the day in England's capital. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Who is this ? " Martin
telegraphed to La Fayette. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Secretary wrote something,
very gravely, on a piece of paper, twisted it up, and had it passed to him from
hand to hand. It was an improvement on the old sentiment : " Per haps as
remarkable a man as any in our country." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This young Columbian was
succeeded by another, to the full as eloquent as he, who drew down storms of
cheers. But both remarkable youths, in their great excitement (for your true
poetry can never stoop to details), forgot to say with whom or what the Watertoasters
sympathised, and likewise why or wherefore they were sympathetic. Thus, Martin
remained for a long time as completely in the dark as ever ; until at length a
ray of light broke in upon him through the medium of the Secretary, who, by
reading the minutes of their past proceedings, made the matter somewhat
clearer. He then learned that the Watertoast Association sympathised with a
certain Public Man in Ireland, who held a contest upon certain points with
England: and that they did so, because they didn't love England at all — not by
any means because they loved Ireland much; being indeed horribly jealous and
distrustful of its people always, and only tolerating them because of their
working hard, which made them very useful ; labour being held in greater
indignity in the simple republic than in any other country upon earth. This
rendered Martin curious to see what grounds of sympathy the Water- toast
Association put forth ; nor was he long in suspense, for the General rose to
read a letter to the Public Man, which with his own hands he had written. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Thus," said the
General, "thus, my friends and fellow- citizens, it runs :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" ' Sir, '"I address
you on behalf of the Watertoast Association of United Sympathisers. It is
founded, sir, in the great republic of America ! and now holds its breath, and
swells the blue veins in its forehead nigh to bursting, as it watches, sir,
with feverish intensity and sympathetic ardour, your noble efforts in the cause
of Freedom.' " At the name of Freedom, and at every repetition of that
name, all the Sympathisers roared aloud ; cheering with nine times nine, and
nine times over. " ' In Freedom's name, sir — holy Freedom — I address
you. In Freedom's name, I send herewith a contribution to the funds of your
Society. In Freedom's name, sir, I advert with indignation and disgust to that
accursed animal, with gore- stained whiskers, whose rampant cruelty and fiery
lust have ever been a scourge, a torment to the world. The naked visitors to
Crusoe's Island, sir ; the flying wives of Peter Wilkins ; the fruit-smeared
children of the tangled bush ; nay, even the men of large stature, anciently
bred in the mining districts of Cornwall ; alike bear witness to its savage
nature. "Where, sir, are the Cormorans, the Blunderbores, the Great
Feefofums, named in History? all, all, exterminated by its destroying hand.
" ' I allude, sir, to the British Lion. " ' Devoted, mind and body,
heart and soul, to Freedom, sir — to Freedom, blessed solace to the snail upon
the cellar- door, the oyster in his pearly bed, the still mite in his home of
cheese, the very winkle of your country in his shelly lair — in her unsullied
name, we offer you our sympathy. Oh, sir, in this our cherished and our happy
land, her fires burn bright and clear and smokeless : once lighted up in yours,
the lion shall be roasted whole. " ' I am, sir, in Freedom's name, "
' Your affectionate friend and faithful Sympathiser, " ' Cybus Choke,
" 'General, U.S.M.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" It happened that just as
the General began to read this letter, the railroad train arrived, bringing a
new mail from England ; and a packet had<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>been handed in to the Secretary, which during its perusal and the
frequent cheerings in homage to freedom, he had opened. Now, its contents
disturbed him very much, and the moment the General sat down, he hurried to his
side, and placed in his hand a letter and several printed extracts from English
newspapers; to which, in a state of infinite excitement, he called his
immediate attention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The General, being greatly heated
by his own composition, was in a fit state to receive any inflammable influence
; but he had no sooner possessed himself of the contents of these documents,
than a change came over his face, involving such a huge amount of choler and
passion, that the noisy concourse were silent in a moment, in very wonder at
the sight of him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" My friends ! " cried
the General, rising ; " my friends and fellow-citizens, we have been
mistaken in this man."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" In what man?" was the
cry. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" In this," panted the
General, holding up the letter he had read aloud a few minutes before. " I
find that he has been, and is, the advocate — consistent in it always too — of
Nigger emancipation !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" If anything beneath the
sky be real, those Sons of Freedom would have pistolled, stabbed — in some way
slain — that man by coward hands and murderous violence, if he had stood among
them at that time. The most confiding of their own countrymen, would not have
wagered then; no, nor would they ever peril ; one dunghill straw, upon the life
of any man in such a strait. They tore the letter, cast the fragments in the
air, trod down the pieces as they fell; and yelled, and groaned, and hissed,
till they could cry no longer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" I shall move," said
the General, when he could make himself heard, " that the Watertoast
Association of United Sympathisers be immediately dissolved ! " Down with
it ! Away with it ! Don't hear of it ! Burn its records ! Pull the room down !
Blot it out of human memory ! " <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">But, my fellow countrymen !
" said the General, " the contributions. We have funds. What is to be
done with the funds?" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It was hastily resolved that a
piece of plate should be presented to a certain constitutional Judge, who had
laid down from the bench the noble principle, that it was lawful for any white
mob to murder any black man ; and that another piece of plate, of similar
value, should be presented to a certain Patriot, who had declared from his high
place in the Legislature, that he and his friends would hang, without trial,
any Abolitionist who might pay them a visit. For the surplus, it was agreed
that it should be devoted to aiding the enforcement of those free and equal
laws, which render it incalculably more criminal and dangerous to teach a negro
to read and write, than to roast him alive in a public city. These points
adjusted, the meeting broke up in great disorder : and there was an end of the
Watertoast Sympathy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As Martin ascended to his
bedroom, his eye was attracted by the Republican banner, which had been hoisted
from the house-top in honour of the occasion, and was fluttering before a
window which he passed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Tut !" said Martin.
" You're a gay flag in the distance. But let a man be near enough to get
the light upon the other side, and see through you ; and you are but sorry
fustian !"’ (374-379)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Charles Dickens- The Life and Adventures of
Martin Chuzzlewit Volume Two (1899, repr. New York: Charles Scribner & Son,
1844)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extract A<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There is little doubt that
Chollop would have planted this standard in Eden at Mark's expense, in return
for his plain ness of speech (for the genuine Freedom is dumb, save when she
vaunts herself)> but for the utter desolation and decay prevailing in the
settlement, and his own approaching de parture from it. As it was, he contented
himself with showing Mark one of the revolving-pistols, and asking him what he
thought of that weapon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"It ain't long since I shot
a man down with that, sir, in the State of Illinoy," observed Chollop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Did you, indeed ! "
said Mark, without the smallest agitation. "Very free of you. And very
independent ! "<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"I shot him down, sir,"
pursued Chollop, " for asserting in the Spartan Portico, a tri-weekly
journal, that the ancient Athenians went a-head of the present Locofoco
Ticket."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"And what's that?"
asked Mark.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Europian not to know,"
said Chollop, smoking placidly. "Europian quite ! " <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">After a short devotion to the
interests of the magic circle, he resumed the conversation by observing: "
You won't half feel yourself at home in Eden, now ? " <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"No," said Mark,
"I don't."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"You miss the imposts of
your country. You miss the house dues?" observed Chollop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"And the houses — rather," said
Mark. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"No window dues here,
sir," observed Chollop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"And no windows to put 'em
on," said Mark. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"No stakes, no dungeons, no
blocks, no racks, no scaffolds, no thumbscrews, no pikes, no pillories,'"
said Chollop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Nothing but rewolwers and
bowie-knives," returned Mark. " And what are they ? Not worth
mentioning ! " <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The man who had met them on the
night of their arrival came crawling up at this juncture, and looked in at the
door. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Well, sir," said
Chollop. " How do you git along ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" He had considerable
difficulty in getting along at all, and said as much in reply. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Mr. Co. And me, sir,"
observed Chollop, " are disputating a piece. He ought to be slicked up
pretty smart, to disputate between the Old World and the New, I do
expect?" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Well ! " returned the
miserable shadow. " So he had." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"I was merely observing,
sir," said Mark, addressing this new visitor, "that I looked upon the
city in which we have the honour to live, as being swampy. What's your
sentiments ? " <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" I opinionate it's moist
perhaps, at certain times," returned the man. "But not as moist as
England, sir?" cried Chollop, with a fierce expression in his face. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Oh ! Not as moist as
England ; let alone its Institutions," said the man. "I should hope
there ain't a swamp in all Americay, as don't whip that small island into mush
and molasses," observed Chollop, decisively. "You bought slick, straight,
and right away, of Scadder, sir ? " to Mark.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He answered in the affirmative.
Mr. Chollop winked at the other citizen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" Scadder is a smart man,
sir ? He is a rising man ? He is a man as will come up'ards, right side up,
sir?" Mr. Chollop winked again at the other citizen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">" He should have his right
side very high up, if I had my way," said Mark. "As high up as the
top of a good tall gallows, perhaps."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mr. Chollop was so delighted at
the smartness of his excel lent countryman having been too much for the
Britisher, and at the Britisher's resenting it, that he could contain himself
no longer, and broke forth in a shout of delight. But the strangest exposition
of this ruling passion was in the other: the pestilence-stricken, broken,
miserable shadow of a man: who derived so much entertainment from the
circumstance, that he seemed to forget his own ruin in thinking of it, and
laughed outright when he said " that Scadder was a smart man, and had
draw'd a lot of British capital that way, as sure as sun-up."’ (127-129)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-72366285950466020582013-03-18T07:38:00.000-07:002013-03-18T07:39:15.548-07:00Industry in Theory, Friday 22nd March 2013<br />
<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
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</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Industry in Theory, Friday 22nd
March 2013, </span></h2>
<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4-5pm, Lipman 121<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This session, led
by Sarah Shaw, final year Creative Writing PhD Student, will concentrate on
Pierre Macherey’s question about what is absent from the literary work in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Theory of Literary Production.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular we will be examining Macherey’s
ideas in relation to critiques of industrialised agribusiness produced by
Vandana Shiva.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sarah has
provided the following description of the session:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Pierre Macherey, speculating on what is marginal to the
literary work, ‘what it does not say….its relation to what it is not,’ asked,
‘In what relation to that which is other than itself is the work produced?’ He
postulated that ground from which the work emerges as ‘not a “natural” empirical
reality, but that intricate reality in which men [and women]—both writers and
readers—live, that reality which is their ideology’ (A Theory of Literary
Production, 1978 [1966] Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, pp154-5). Macherey’s
theories have been used to debate the vexed relationship between economic base
and ideological superstructure, and also the unconscious of a work. In relation
to the topic of industry in theory, I am interested in looking at the necessity
of food production to literary production, together with its absence in the
literary work.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></div>
<strong><span style="color: #eeeeee;"></span></strong><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong><span style="color: #eeeeee;">I am writing a novel in which a fifteen-year-old girl is
diagnosed with leukaemia. Advice on preventing cancer includes avoidance of
harmful chemicals, for example pesticides used in agriculture. However,
whenever one of my characters starts to cook using organic ingredients or feel
the wind blowing across the North Sea from the direction of Chernobyl, the
narrative begins to sound like propaganda rather than engaging fiction. So I am
suggesting we read a couple of extracts from Vandana Shiva’s work that
contrasts industrialised agribusiness with small-scale sustainable food
production, and discuss how they relate to literature/fiction.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We will be mostly
focusing on the quotation used by Sarah in this description, which is taken
from page 154 of Macherey’s text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
view an entire version of Macherey’s text please google ‘Pierre Macherey Theory
of Literary Production’ and open the PDF file provided by Routledge (this is
the first option on the google search).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We will be discussing
these ideas in relation to brief critiques of multinational corporations’
involvement in agribusiness <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by Vandana
Shiva, focusing particularly on two pieces: ‘Violent Economic “Reforms”, and
the Growing Violence against Women’<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>(Dec
2012) and ‘The Suicide Economy of Corporate Globalisation’ (April 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This looks set to
be a very interesting and engaging session.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All welcome!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Refreshments will be
provided and the discussion will continue in The Carriage afterwards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We will look
forward to seeing you all then.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-8292578842347379782013-02-19T02:29:00.000-08:002013-02-19T02:29:36.454-08:00February Session of Industry in Theory<h2>
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Industry in Theory, Friday 22nd February, 4-5pm, Lipman 121, Northumbria University</span></h2>
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The February session of Industry in Theory will take place this Friday (22/2) led by Sarah Winter, a 2nd year PhD student in English Literature here at Northumbria University. This session will have a distinctly Gothic feel with us comparing Edmund Burke's <em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif';">Reflections on the Revolution in France</span></em> (1790) to two different Gothic texts, namely M. G. Lewis's infamous novel <em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif';">The Monk </span></em>(1796) and James Boaden's Gothic play <em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif';">The Secret Tribunal </span></em>(1795).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">As with previous sessions we will be reading short extracts from the texts and then discussing the potential links between them, whilst considering how critical theory can be used to inform our process of textual analysis. These extracts are listed below.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Refreshments will be provided and the discussion will undoubtedly continue afterwards in The Carriage.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">We will look forward to seeing you all then!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Extracts:</span></h4>
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><u>Edmund Burke, <em>Reflections on the Revolution in France</em> (1790):</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">(Source – Virginia.edu e-text: </span><a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/BurRefl.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/BurRefl.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘If they find the old governments effete, worn out, and with their springs relaxed, so as not to be of sufficient vigour for their purposes, they may seek new ones that shall be possessed of more energy; and this energy will be derived, not from an acquisition of resources, but from a contempt of justice. Revolutions are favourable to confiscation; and it is impossible to know under what obnoxious names the next confiscations will be authorized. I am sure that the principles predominant in France extend to very many persons and descriptions of persons, in all countries, who think their innoxious indolence their security. This kind of innocence in proprietors may be argued into inutility; and inutility into an unfitness for their estates. Many parts of Europe are in open disorder. In many others there is a hollow murmuring under ground; a confused movement is felt that threatens a general earthquake in the political world. Already confederacies and correspondencies of the most extraordinary nature are forming in several countries.<sup>35</sup> In such a state of things we ought to hold ourselves upon our guard’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">35</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="n35">See two books intitled, <em>Enige Originalschriften des Illuminatenordens. -- System und Folgen des Illuminatenordens</em>. Munchen, 1787.</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘As little genius and talent am I able to perceive in the plan of judicature formed by the National Assembly. According to their invariable course, the framers of your constitution have begun with the utter abolition of the parliaments. These venerable bodies, like the rest of the old government, stood in need of reform, even though there should be no change made in the monarchy. [...] They kept alive the memory and record of the constitution. They were the great security to private property...’</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘Yielding to reasons at least as forcible as those which were so delicately urged in the compliment on the new year, the king of France will probably endeavour to forget these events and that compliment. But history, who keeps a durable record of all our acts and exercises her awful censure over the proceedings of all sorts of sovereigns, will not forget either those events or the era of this liberal refinement in the intercourse of mankind. History will record that on the morning of the 6th of October, 1789, the king and queen of France, after a day of confusion, alarm, dismay, and slaughter, lay down, under the pledged security of public faith, to indulge nature in a few hours of respite and troubled, melancholy repose. From this sleep the queen was first startled by the sentinel at her door, who cried out to her to save herself by flight -- that this was the last proof of fidelity he could give -- that they were upon him, and he was dead. Instantly he was cut down. A band of cruel ruffians and assassins, reeking with his blood, rushed into the chamber of the queen and pierced with a hundred strokes of bayonets and poniards the bed, from whence this persecuted woman had but just time to fly almost naked, and, through ways unknown to the murderers, had escaped to seek refuge at the feet of a king and husband not secure of his own life for a moment. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This king, to say no more of him, and this queen, and their infant children (who once would have been the pride and hope of a great and generous people) were then forced to abandon the sanctuary of the most splendid palace in the world, which they left swimming in blood, polluted by massacre and strewed with scattered limbs and mutilated carcasses. Thence they were conducted into the capital of their kingdom. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Two had been selected from the unprovoked, unresisted, promiscuous slaughter, which was made of the gentlemen of birth and family who composed the king's body guard. These two gentlemen, with all the parade of an execution of justice, were cruelly and publicly dragged to the block and beheaded in the great court of the palace. Their heads were stuck upon spears and led the procession, whilst the royal captives who followed in the train were slowly moved along, amidst the horrid yells, and shrilling screams, and frantic dances, and infamous contumelies, and all the unutterable abominations of the furies of hell in the abused shape of the vilest of women. After they had been made to taste, drop by drop, more than the bitterness of death in the slow torture of a journey of twelve miles, protracted to six hours, they were, under a guard composed of those very soldiers who had thus conducted them through this famous triumph, lodged in one of the old palaces of Paris, now converted into a bastille for kings.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">[...] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles, and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in -- glittering like the morning star, full of life and splendour and joy. Oh! what a revolution! and what a heart must I have to contemplate without emotion that elevation and that fall! Little did I dream when she added titles of veneration to those of enthusiastic, distant, respectful love, that she should ever be obliged to carry the sharp antidote against disgrace concealed in that bosom; little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honour and of cavaliers. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophisters, economists; and calculators has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished forever. Never, never more shall we behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex, that proud submission, that dignified obedience, that subordination of the heart which kept alive, even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted freedom. The unbought grace of life, the cheap defense of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise, is gone! It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honour which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage whilst it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under which vice itself lost half its evil by losing all its grossness. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This mixed system of opinion and sentiment had its origin in the ancient chivalry; and the principle, though varied in its appearance by the varying state of human affairs, subsisted and influenced through a long succession of generations even to the time we live in. If it should ever be totally extinguished, the loss I fear will be great. It is this which has given its character to modern Europe. It is this which has distinguished it under all its forms of government...’</span></div>
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<u>Matthew G. Lewis, <em>The Monk</em> (1796):</u><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">(Source – Virginia.edu e-text: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/LewMonk.html)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: small;">Volume 3, Chapter 10 – The Prioress is confronted, and the reaction of the Mob:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘The Throne moved onwards. It was followed by the Prioress herself: She marched at the head of the remaining Nuns with a devout and sanctified air, and closed the procession. She moved on slowly: Her eyes were raised to heaven: Her countenance calm and tranquil seemed abstracted from all sublunary things, and no feature betrayed her secret pride at displaying the pomp and opulence of her Convent. She passed along, accompanied by the prayers and benedictions of the Populace: But how great was the general confusion and surprize, when Don Ramirez starting forward, challenged her as his Prisoner. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">For a moment amazement held the Domina silent and immoveable: But no sooner did She recover herself, than She exclaimed against sacrilege and impiety, and called the People to rescue a Daughter of the Church. They were eagerly preparing to obey her; when Don Ramirez, protected by the Archers from their rage, commanded them to forbear, and threatened them with the severest vengeance of the Inquisition. At that dreaded word every arm fell, every sword shrunk back into its scabbard. The Prioress herself turned pale, and trembled. The general silence convinced her that She had nothing to hope but from innocence, and She besought Don Ramirez in a faultering voice, to inform her of what crime She was accused. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">`That you shall know in time,' replied He; `But first I must secure the Mother St. Ursula.' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">`The Mother St. Ursula?' repeated the Domina faintly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">At this moment casting her eyes round, She saw near her Lorenzo and the Duke, who </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘Ah! great God!' She cried, clasping her hands together with a frantic air; `I am betrayed!' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">`Betrayed?' replied St. Ursula, who now arrived conducted by some of the Archers, and followed by the Nun her Companion in the procession: `Not betrayed, but discovered. In me recognise your Accuser: You know not, how well I am instructed in your guilt! -- Segnor!' She continued, turning to Don Ramirez; `I commit myself to your custody. I charge the Prioress of St. Clare with murder, and stake my life for the justice of my accusation.' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A general cry of surprize was uttered by the whole Audience, and an explanation was demanded loudly. The trembling Nuns, terrified at the noise and universal confusion, had dispersed, and fled different ways. Some regained the Convent; Others sought refuge in the dwellings of their Relations; and Many, only sensible of their present danger, and anxious to escape from the tumult, ran through the Streets, and wandered, they knew not whither. The lovely Virginia was one of the first to fly: And in order that She might be better seen and heard, the People desired that St. Ursula should harangue them from the vacant Throne. The Nun complied; She ascended the glittering Machine, and then addressed the surrounding multitude as follows. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">`However strange and unseemly may appear my conduct, when considered to be adopted by a Female and a Nun, necessity will justify it most fully. A secret, an horrible secret weighs heavy upon my soul: No rest can be mine till I have revealed it to the world, and satisfied that innocent blood which calls from the Grave for vengeance. Much have I dared to gain this opportunity of lightening my conscience. Had I failed in my attempt to reveal the crime, had the Domina but suspected that the mystery was none to me, my ruin was inevitable. Angels who watch unceasingly over those who deserve their favour, have enabled me to escape detection: I am now at liberty to relate a Tale, whose circumstances will freeze every honest soul with horror. Mine is the task to rend the veil from Hypocrisy, and show misguided Parents to what dangers the Woman is exposed, who falls under the sway of a monastic Tyrant. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘Among the Votaries of St. Clare, none was more lovely, none more gentle, than Agnes de Medina. I knew her well; She entrusted to me every secret of her heart; I was her Friend and Confident, and I loved her with sincere affection. Nor was I singular in my attachment. Her piety unfeigned, her willingness to oblige, and her angelic disposition, rendered her the Darling of all that was estimable in the Convent. The Prioress herself, proud, scrupulous and forbidding, could not refuse Agnes that tribute of approbation, which She bestowed upon no one else. Every one has some fault: Alas! Agnes had her weakness! She violated the laws of our order, and incurred the inveterate hate of the unforgiving Domina. St. Clare's rules are severe: But grown antiquated and neglected, many of late years have either been forgotten, or changed by universal consent into milder punishments. The penance, adjudged to the crime of Agnes, was most cruel, most inhuman! The law had been long exploded: Alas! It still existed, and the revengeful Prioress now determined to revive it. This law decreed, that the Offender should be plunged into a private dungeon, expressly constituted to hide from the world for ever the Victim of Cruelty and tyrannic superstition. In this dreadful abode She was to lead a perpetual solitude, deprived of all society, and believed to be dead by those, whom affection might have prompted to attempt her rescue. Thus was She to languish out the remainder of her days, with no other food than bread and water, and no other comfort than the free indulgence of her tears.' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The indignation created by this account was so violent, as for some moments to interrupt St. Ursula's narrative. When the disturbance ceased, and silence again prevailed through the Assembly, She continued her discourse, while at every word the Domina's countenance betrayed her increasing terrors. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">[...]</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">‘A Council of the twelve elder Nuns was called: I was of the number. The Prioress in exaggerated colours described the offence of Agnes, and scrupled not to propose the revival of this almost forgotten law. To the shame of our sex be it spoken, that either so absolute was the Domina's will in the Convent, or so much had disappointment, solitude, and self-denial hardened their hearts and sowered their tempers, that this barbarous proposal was assented to by nine voices out of the twelve. I was not one of the nine. Frequent opportunities had convinced me of the virtues of Agnes, and I loved and pitied her most sincerely. The Mothers Bertha and Cornelia joined my party: We made the strongest opposition possible, and the Superior found herself compelled to change her intention. In spite of the majority in her favour, She feared to break with us openly. She knew, that supported by the Medina family, our forces would be too strong for her to cope with: And She also knew, that after being once imprisoned and supposed dead, should Agnes be discovered, her ruin would be inevitable. She therefore gave up her design, though which much reluctance. She demanded some days to reflect upon a mode of punishment, which might be agreeable to the whole Community; and She promised, that as soon as her resolution was fixed, the same Council should be again summoned. Two days passed away: On the Evening of the Third it was announced, that on the next day Agnes should be examined; and that according to her behaviour on that occasion, her punishment should be either strengthened or mitigated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">[...] Being anxious to keep my visit secret, I stayed with Agnes but a short time. I bad her not let her spirits be cast down; I mingled my tears with those, which streamed down her cheek, embraced her fondly, and was on the point of retiring, when I heard the sound of steps approaching the Cell. I started back. A Curtain which veiled a large Crucifix offered me a retreat, and I hastened to place myself behind it. The door opened. The Prioress entered, followed by four other Nuns. They advanced towards the bed of Agnes. The Superior reproached her with her errors in the bitterest terms: She told her, that She was a disgrace to the Convent, that She was resolved to deliver the world and herself from such a Monster, and commanded her to drink the contents of a Goblet now presented to her by one of the Nuns. Aware of the fatal properties of the liquor, and trembling to find herself upon the brink of Eternity, the unhappy Girl strove to excite the Domina's pity by the most affecting prayers. She sued for life in terms which might have melted the heart of a Fiend: She promised to submit patiently to any punishment, to shame, imprisonment, and torture, might She but be permitted to live! Oh! might She but live another month, or week, or day! Her merciless Enemy listened to her complaints unmoved: She told her, that at first She meant to have spared her life, and that if She had altered her intention, She had to thank the opposition of her Friends. She continued to insist upon her swallowing the poison: She bad her recommend herself to the Almighty's mercy, not to hers, and assured her that in an hour She would be numbered with the Dead. Perceiving that it was vain to implore this unfeeling Woman, She attempted to spring from her bed, and call for assistance: She hoped, if She could not escape the fate announced to her, at least to have witnesses of the violence committed. The Prioress guessed her design. She seized her forcibly by the arm, and pushed her back upon her pillow. At the same time drawing a dagger, and placing it at the breast of the unfortunate Agnes, She protested that if She uttered a single cry, or hesitated a single moment to drink the poison, She would pierce her heart that instant. Already half-dead with fear, She could make no further resistance. The Nun approached with the fatal Goblet. The Domina obliged her to take it, and swallow the contents. She drank, and the horrid deed was accomplished. The Nuns then seated themselves round the Bed. They answered her groans with reproaches; They interrupted with sarcasms the prayers in which She recommended her parting soul to mercy: They threatened her with heaven's vengeance and eternal perdition: They bad her despair of pardon, and strowed with yet sharper thorns Death's painful pillow. Such were the sufferings of this young Unfortunate, till released by fate from the malice of her Tormentors. She expired in horror of the past, in fears for the future; and her agonies were such as must have amply gratified the hate and vengeance of her Enemies. As soon as her Victim ceased to breathe, the Domina retired, and was followed by her Accomplices. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">`I have no more to say: For what I have already said, I will answer with my life. I repeat, that the Prioress is a Murderess; That She has driven from the world, perhaps from heaven, an Unfortunate whose offence was light and venial; that She has abused the power intrusted to her hands, and has been a Tyrant, a Barbarian, and an Hypocrite. I also accuse the four Nuns, Violante, Camilla, Alix, and Mariana, as being her Accomplices, and equally criminal.' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Here St. Ursula ended her narrative. It created horror and surprize throughout: But when She related the inhuman murder of Agnes, the indignation of the Mob was so audibly testified, that it was scarcely possible to hear the conclusion. This confusion increased with every moment: At length a multitude of voices exclaimed, that the Prioress should be given up to their fury. To this Don Ramirez refused to consent positively. Even Lorenzo bad the People remember, that She had undergone no trial, and advised them to leave her punishment to the Inquisition. All representations were fruitless: The disturbance grew still more violent, and the Populace more exasperated. In vain did Ramirez attempt to convey his Prisoner out of the Throng. Wherever He turned, a band of Rioters barred his passage, and demanded her being delivered over to them more loudly than before. Ramirez ordered his Attendants to cut their way through the multitude: Oppressed by numbers, it was impossible for them to draw their swords. He threatened the Mob with the vengeance of the Inquisition: But in this moment of popular phrenzy even this dreadful name had lost its effect. Though regret for his Sister made him look upon the Prioress with abhorrence, Lorenzo could not help pitying a Woman in a situation so terrible: But in spite of all his exertions, and those of the Duke, of Don Ramirez, and the Archers, the People continued to press onwards. They forced a passage through the Guards who protected their destined Victim, dragged her from her shelter, and proceeded to take upon her a most summary and cruel vengeance. Wild with terror, and scarcely knowing what She said, the wretched Woman shrieked for a moment's mercy: She protested that She was innocent of the death of Agnes, and could clear herself from the suspicion beyond the power of doubt. The Rioters heeded nothing but the gratification of their barbarous vengeance. They refused to listen to her: They showed her every sort of insult, loaded her with mud and filth, and called her by the most opprobrious appellations. They tore her one from another, and each new Tormentor was more savage than the former. They stifled with howls and execrations her shrill cries for mercy; and dragged her through the Streets, spurning her, trampling her, and treating her with every species of cruelty which hate or vindictive fury could invent. At length a Flint, aimed by some well-directing hand, struck her full upon the temple. She sank upon the ground bathed in blood, and in a few minutes terminated her miserable existence. Yet though She no longer felt their insults, the Rioters still exercised their impotent rage upon her lifeless body. They beat it, trod upon it, and ill-used it, till it became no more than a mass of flesh, unsightly, shapeless, and disgusting. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Unable to prevent this shocking event, Lorenzo and his Friends had beheld it with the utmost horror: But they were rouzed from their compelled inactivity, on hearing that the Mob was attacking the Convent of St. Clare. The incensed Populace, confounding the innocent with the guilty, had resolved to sacrifice all the Nuns of that order to their rage, and not to leave one stone of the building upon another. Alarmed at this intelligence, they hastened to the Convent, resolved to defend it if possible, or at least to rescue the Inhabitants from the fury of the Rioters. Most of the Nuns had fled, but a few still remained in their habitation. Their situation was truly dangerous. However, as they had taken the precaution of fastening the inner Gates, with this assistance Lorenzo hoped to repel the Mob, till Don Ramirez should return to him with a more sufficient force. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Having been conducted by the former disturbance to the distance of some Streets from the Convent, He did not immediately reach it: When He arrived, the throng surrounding it was so excessive, as to prevent his approaching the Gates. In the interim, the Populace besieged the Building with persevering rage: They battered the walls, threw lighted torches in at the windows, and swore that by break of day not a Nun of St. Clare's order should be left alive. Lorenzo had just succeeded in piercing his way through the Crowd, when one of the Gates was forced open. The Rioters poured into the interior part of the Building, where they exercised their vengeance upon every thing which found itself in their passage. They broke the furniture into pieces, tore down the pictures, destroyed the reliques, and in their hatred of her Servant forgot all respect to the Saint. Some employed themselves in searching out the Nuns, Others in pulling down parts of the Convent, and Others again in setting fire to the pictures and valuable furniture, which it contained. These Latter produced the most decisive desolation: Indeed the consequences of their action were more sudden, than themselves had expected or wished. The Flames rising from the burning piles caught part of the Building, which being old and dry, the conflagration spread with rapidity from room to room. The Walls were soon shaken by the devouring element: The Columns gave way: The Roofs came tumbling down upon the Rioters, and crushed many of them beneath their weight. Nothing was to be heard but shrieks and groans; The Convent was wrapped in flames, and the whole presented a scene of devastation and horror.’</span></div>
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<u>James Boaden, <em>The Secret Tribunal</em> (1795):</u><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: small;">(Source: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Literature Online</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LION</i>) database)</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: small;">Holstein: ‘I can acquaint you so far – All accus’d, <br />When the first quarter after midnight tolls, <br />Go to the centre of the Market-place – <br />Thence they are led before the Secret Judges. <br />If guilty, they are never heard of more’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Act<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IV, scene i).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: small;">Underground setting beneath the market-place:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">‘The Scene represents a spacious Crypt, or vaulted Court of Justice, under ground, of Gothic Architecture. At the upper end is a luminous Cross of a deep red, and over this, surrounded by Clouds, an Eye, radiated with points of fire. A Throne adorned with trophies in gold, upon a ground of black velvet. The benches of the Judges the same’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(Act V, scene i).</span></span></span></div>
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</span>Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-90009953102087525642013-01-20T03:28:00.001-08:002013-01-21T01:19:48.145-08:00January session of Industry in Theory presented by Helen Williams<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">This Friday 25<sup>th</sup> of January we are honoured to have the
former co-runner of the …In Theory reading group Helen Williams presenting leading
a discussion focusing on typography. In this parallels will be drawn between </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.5pt;">extracts of work from
Marshall McLuhan and a brief selection of typographic literature. </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">The session will take place between 4.30 and 5.30 in
Lipman 121 on 25/01/12. We hope you can join us for an interesting evening of
wine, discussion and typography! Examples of the poems can be seen at- <a href="http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/herbert/wings.htm">http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/herbert/wings.htm</a> and <a href="http://bootless.net/mouse.html">http://bootless.net/mouse.html</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;"> To download a PDF of the texts please copy and paste into your server the link </span><i style="color: #1f497d; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">raley.english.ucsb.edu/wp-content/Engl800/McLuhan-GG.pdf </i><br />
<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOrXQdtjKDgnGAtuOUI8TSU1aAYbo2Z8JyWlbO9696hPQ1fFyPfisA5ac5nnTjf2CtqTcp4IsdXXgJqyHF2Q7rCOt9_1YYZm5mhh3_iheeKtq2MFMJlFORxpzk4bBSrPeRFOxgcM6Er3dy/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOrXQdtjKDgnGAtuOUI8TSU1aAYbo2Z8JyWlbO9696hPQ1fFyPfisA5ac5nnTjf2CtqTcp4IsdXXgJqyHF2Q7rCOt9_1YYZm5mhh3_iheeKtq2MFMJlFORxpzk4bBSrPeRFOxgcM6Er3dy/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<!--EndFragment-->Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-22639361446077872822012-12-11T02:16:00.003-08:002012-12-11T04:07:44.761-08:00Festive Edition of Industry In Theory- Charles Dickens and Pierre Bourdieu<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Please come
and join us on Friday 14<sup>th</sup> December for a wine-fuelled festive
edition of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Industry In Theory </b>reading
group. We will be looking at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles
Dickens’ ‘The Chimes’</b> in relation to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bourdieu’s
theory of Power</b>. We meet between 4 and 5pm at Lipman 121, and carry on the evening at <em>The Carriage</em> pub just over the road. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In advance
of the session we advise you read this one page introduction to Bourdieu’s
theory of power (on page 8, from University may need Outlook open)- </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="http://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/power_after_lukes.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/power_after_lukes.pdf</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">(Ps- If this does not work Google 'Power cube power after lukes' and open the first PDF document)</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">And familiarize yourself with the start of Charles Dicken’s ‘The
Chimes’ (the first ten minutes here on youtube if you prefer to be read to)-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Chimes, Charles Dickens - youtube:<br />
</span><a href="https://amsprd0410.outlook.com/owa/redir.aspx?C=EDKy2v24ckCQERTo1_JRW7qumEkbq88IPex3dcenVH7sKYBFeTaUJMJpGC7sdJEtQoNr5_nab5Q.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.youtube.com%2fwatch%3fv%3dLtLV2j-cnTQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtLV2j-cnTQ</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We look forward to hopefully seeing you then!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Guy and Sarah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-8476313441351512252012-11-19T03:21:00.002-08:002012-11-19T03:25:30.079-08:00<h2 align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Second reading group this
Friday!</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span> </h2>
<h2 align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
(23 November, 4-6pm,
Northumbria University, Lipman 121)</span></h2>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Please join us this
Friday (23/11) for the second session of the INDUSTRY IN
THEORY reading group.</span></h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">We will follow the same structure as previous sessions, engaging with familiar and lesser known theorists alongside a range of literary and nonliterary primary sources, all broadly relating to the theme of industry!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We are hoping to
bring people together from across the arts and social sciences in a friendly and
informal setting.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Our second session will be led by Andre Keil, a second year History PhD student from the Faculty of Arts, Design, and Social Sciences at Northumbria University.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We will be
discussing the notion of 'Estranged Labour' from Karl Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, which can be found
here:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">These themes will be examined in relation to two Charlie Chaplin scenes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Scene one, 'Factory', can be viewed here:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://amxprd0410.outlook.com/owa/redir.aspx?C=j4-UOymH0EKxpkBvQ3JpcL19stzYmc8ITXU-ipTAuh14fdUu4S5FBO4NEu3GbswIHXVTL222AjE.&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.youtube.com%2fwatch%3fv%3dtfw0KapQ3qw" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfw0KapQ3qw</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Scene two, 'Eating Machine', can be viewed here: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZlJ0vtUu4w&feature=g-vrec" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZlJ0vtUu4w&feature=g-vrec</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We will also be showing clips from these scenes during the session on Friday.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Please do not hesitate to contact us at </span><a href="mailto:industryintheory@gmail.com"><span style="font-size: large;">industryintheory@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> if you require any further information.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We will look forward to seeing you all then!</span></div>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-88435470079452205762012-10-23T06:59:00.002-07:002012-10-23T07:58:24.072-07:00<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></div>
<h2 align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
First reading group this Friday!</span></h2>
<h2 align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
(26 October, 4-6pm, Northumbria University, Lipman 121)</span></h2>
<h2 align="center">
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Please join us this Friday (26/10) for the inaugural session of the <strong>INDUSTRY IN THEORY</strong> reading group.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Industry in Theory will follow the same structure as its earlier, highly-successful counterparts 'Objects in Theory' and 'Spaces in Theory'. In the sessions we will engage with familiar and lesser known theorists alongside a range of literary and nonliterary primary sources, which broadly relate to the theme of industry.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We are hoping to bring people together from across the arts and social sciences in a friendly and informal setting.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Our first session will be led by Laurie McKee, a recent postdoc from Northumbria University and a founding member of the 'In Theory' groups.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It will be on the theme of <strong>Commerce</strong> and <strong>Productive Labour</strong>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will be discussing the chapter entitled 'Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value' from Karl Marx's <em>Capital </em>which can be found here:</span></div>
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<a href="https://amxprd0410.outlook.com/owa/redir.aspx?C=cD5Cn0EA20iOTsy-eEpySibGOHaRhM8IW4_ZoqhDeCeJyqUccKsbLM00oB8uzU9Umz7BAj87yLs.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.marxists.org%2farchive%2fmarx%2fworks%2f1867-c1%2fch16.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch16.htm</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">These themes will be examined in relation to Thomas Dekker's <em>The Shoemaker's Holiday</em>, focusing on Act 2, Scene 3 which can be found here:</span></div>
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<a href="https://amxprd0410.outlook.com/owa/redir.aspx?C=cD5Cn0EA20iOTsy-eEpySibGOHaRhM8IW4_ZoqhDeCeJyqUccKsbLM00oB8uzU9Umz7BAj87yLs.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.bartleby.com%2f47%2f1%2f23.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.bartleby.com/47/1/23.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">and Act 3, Scene 1, here:</span></div>
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<a href="https://amxprd0410.outlook.com/owa/redir.aspx?C=cD5Cn0EA20iOTsy-eEpySibGOHaRhM8IW4_ZoqhDeCeJyqUccKsbLM00oB8uzU9Umz7BAj87yLs.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.bartleby.com%2f47%2f1%2f31.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.bartleby.com/47/1/31.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Please do not hesitate to contact us at </span><a href="mailto:industryintheory@gmail.com"><span style="font-size: large;">industryintheory@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> if you require any further information.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We will look forward to seeing you all then!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u>Summary of <em>The Shoemaker's Holiday</em></u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">A brief summary of the literary text we will be examining this week by our presenter Laurie McKee:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Shoemaker’s Holiday </i>(1599)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This is a strange comedy by Thomas Dekker, one of the many
apprentice plays which were popular in the period. I’ve chosen this play
because of its fascination with work, productivity and labour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There’s a decent summary of the play on good
old Wikipedia: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoemaker's_Holiday"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoemaker's_Holiday</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
but I thought I’d briefly explain what’s happening in the scenes we’re looking
at:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Act 2, scene 3</b>: Simon
Eyre the shoemaker calls his wife, Margery, to sweep the gutters outside his
shoe shop, and calls his apprentice boys to rise for work (but not in such a
polite manner). His boys appear, as does Margery, who he instructs to “call up
the drabs” – the maids. These include Cicily Bumtrinket (!), who is in charge
of waxing the thread for shoelaces. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hugh Lacy, an aristocrat, has disguised himself as a Dutch
shoemaker named Hans and wanders past the shoe shop singing in Dekker’s bizarre
approximation of a Dutch dialect. The apprentices urge Eyre to hire Hans
because he makes them laugh and they assume he’ll be cheap labour and “consume
little beef”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After confirming that Hans
has all his own tools, Eyre agrees and instructs his wife and maids to make the
men breakfast. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Act 3, scene 1: </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lacy / Hans comes across a ship from Crete
full of valuable commodities including “sugar, civet, almonds”. The skipper of
the ship urges Hans to buy it on behalf of Simon Eyre because it will ensure
his master a good profit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Firke worries that Margery will scold him for loitering
around the streets and not working. But Eyre is quick to leap to the defence of
his “brave shoemakers”, instructing his wife to vanish” and “melt like kitchen
stuff”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hodge and Firke explain that they are currently making shoes
for the Lord Mayor’s daughter and her maid. Eyre replies that they should not
be concerned with the feet of (again) “kitchen stuff” or “basting ladles” –
they should leave these jobs to the foreigner Hans and only work for “ladies of
the Court”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hans introduces Eyre to the captain and loans Eyre enough
money to buy the cargo. Eyre “takes advantage of his status as London citizen
to buy cheap from an economically excluded alien [the Dutch merchant who “dares
not show his head”] and then sell dear, later” (John Michael Archer, “Citizens
and Aliens as Working Subjects in Dekker’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Shoemaker’s Holiday,</i>” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Working
Subjects in Early Modern English Drama</i>, ed. Michelle M. Dowd and Natasha
Korda (Ashgate, 2011), 37-52. 44).</span></div>
</div>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-49186218927610131062012-10-19T01:54:00.001-07:002012-10-19T01:57:26.605-07:00First Industry In Theory Session on Productive Labour in Marx's Capital<!--StartFragment-->
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">You’ve
enjoyed </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">Objects
in Theory </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">Spaces
in </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">Theory-
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">now
join us for the inaugural session of</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;"> Industry in Theory</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> - launching on Friday 26 October,
4-6pm in </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Lipman</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">121 (followed by a trip to T</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic;">he
Carriage)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">The
evening’s theme will be </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic;">Commerce,
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">and
Laurie McKee will lead a discussion on </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic;">Productive Labour in Marx’s Capital, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">with reference to </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic;">Thomas
Decker’s The Shoemaker’s Holiday. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">We hope to see you there!</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-65037147945778705452012-10-11T01:28:00.002-07:002012-10-11T01:28:55.261-07:00The Start of Industry In Theory!<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">
Sarah Lill and myself, Guy Mankowski, are honoured to be taking over the great work of the Objects In Theory group with a new postgraduate reading group this year. And we've chosen the title <b>'Industry in Theory'</b>.</div>
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It's an informal (possibly wine-fulled) reading group held monthly for PGR students and members of staff at Northumbria University. We'll meet once a month on a Friday afternoon and we are keen to bring together students from across the across and social sciences to take part. The group will be followed by a customary trip to the Carriage pub over the road. </div>
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In the session we will employ a critical theory alongside a range of literary and nonliterary primary sources. In short, we hope to apply a theoretical reading to a particular "text". The word "text" is used in the loosest possible sense- previous groups have included short stories, poetry, film and other types of media, art work, pictures etc and we are keen to encourage this diversity!</div>
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For this academic year the theoretical texts all broadly relate to the theme of 'industry'.</div>
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If you would like to present, this involves choosing your theory from the list provided (or another related theory if you strongly wish!) and picking some type of text or primary source. The presenter will initiate the discussion and chair it although the majority of the thinking will be done collaborately with everyone offering their own opinions.</div>
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Below is a list of dates we have planned, as well as key themes and theories for your persual. Please do get in touch if you would like to be involved- either by commenting below or emailing us at industryintheory@gmail.com</div>
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Dates of Sessions -</div>
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(All held 4-6pm in Lipman 121)</div>
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Friday 26 October</div>
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Friday 23 November</div>
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Friday 14 December</div>
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Friday 25 January</div>
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Friday 22 February</div>
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Friday 22 March</div>
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Friday 10 May</div>
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Key themes –</div>
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<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">The City (Walter Benjamin, Charles Baudelaire)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Conformity and Subculture (Judith Butler, Hebdige)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Commerce (Marxist theories)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Society and culture (Rivkin and Ryan The Politics of Culture, Bourdieu)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">The Sublime (Immanuel Kant, Edmund Burke)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Power (Foucault)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Ownership (Marx, John Locke, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Book History/Typography (Zwicker, McKenzie, McKiterick, Cambridge History of The Book)</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Construction / Architecture</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Warfare (psychoanalytic causes, Klein and Fornari) or evolutionary (Pinker).</li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Labour (Marx & Engels, Adam Smith, David Ricardo)</li>
</ul>
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Theories –</div>
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<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Karl Marx, <i>Capital: Critique of Political Economy.</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Michel Foucault, <i>Discipline and Punish.</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Walter Benjamin<i>, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Judith Butler, ‘Performative Acts and Gender Constitution’ in <i>Gender Trouble: Feminisma dn the Subversion of Identity.</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Immanuel Kant, <i>Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Edmund Burke, <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France.</i></li>
<li class="ecxMsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 3px;">Johannes Gutenberg, influence of the ’42-line Bible’.</li>
</ul>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-63124848196529338982012-10-09T02:13:00.002-07:002012-10-09T02:13:16.798-07:00<h2>
Industry in Theory launches Friday 26th of October in Lipman 121, Northumbria University. More details to follow...</h2>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4506498866239495487.post-4933168172128960972012-09-14T05:41:00.001-07:002012-09-14T05:41:05.829-07:00<h2 align="center">
</h2>
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<a href="mailto:industryintheory@gmail.com">industryintheory@gmail.com</a></h2>
Industry In Theoryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581351005400897772noreply@blogger.com0